Characterization of cases and epidemiological and operational indicators of leprosy: analysis of time series and spatial distribution, Piauí state, Brazil, 2007-2021.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze epidemiological characteristics, temporal trends and spatial distribution of leprosy cases and indicators in the state of Piauí, 2007-2021. METHODS: This was an ecological time-series study using data from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System, describing the spatial distribution and the temporal trend of leprosy using Prais-Winsten regression. RESULTS: A total of 17,075 new cases of leprosy were reported. There was a falling trend in the overall detection rate [annual percentage change (APC) = -6.3; 95%CI -8.1;-4.5)], detection in children under 15 years of age (APC = -8,6; 95%CI -12,7;-4,3) and detection of cases with grade 2 physical disability (APC = -4,4; 95%CI -7,0;-1,8). There was a rising trend in the proportion of multibacillary cases. Spatial distribution of the average detection rate identified hyperendemic areas in the Carnaubais, Entre Rios, Vale dos Rios Piauí e Itaueiras regions. CONCLUSION: High leprosy detection rates were found, despite the falling trend of indicators, except the proportion of multibacillary cases. MAIN RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2021, Piauí showed an improving trend in all indicators analyzed, except the proportion of new multibacillary cases. Spatial distribution identified hyperendemic areas in different regions of the state. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: This study provides health services with a broad overview of the epidemiological situation of leprosy in Piauí, with evidence of the populations and locations most affected by the disease, whereby public authorities need to reinforce the promotion of health actions. PERSPECTIVES: It is expected that actions to prevent and control the disease will be adopted, such as offering early diagnosis, ensuring correct treatment and implementing measures to prevent physical disabilities.

Characterization of cases and epidemiological and operational indicators of leprosy: analysis of time series and spatial distribution, Piauí state, Brazil, 2007-2021 / Caracterización de casos e indicadores epidemiológicos y operativos de la lepra: análisis de series temporales y distribución espacial, Piauí, Brasil, 20072021 / Caracterização de casos e indicadores epidemiológicos e operacionais da hanseníase: análise de séries temporais e distribuição espacial, Piauí, 2007-2021

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics, temporal trends and spatial distribution of leprosy cases and indicators in the state of Piauí, 2007-2021. Methods This was an ecological time-series study using data from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System, describing the spatial distribution and the temporal trend of leprosy using Prais-Winsten regression. Results A total of 17,075 new cases of leprosy were reported. There was a falling trend in the overall detection rate [annual percentage change (APC) = -6.3; 95%CI -8.1;-4.5)], detection in children under 15 years of age (APC = -8,6; 95%CI -12,7;-4,3) and detection of cases with grade 2 physical disability (APC = -4,4; 95%CI -7,0;-1,8). There was a rising trend in the proportion of multibacillary cases. Spatial distribution of the average detection rate identified hyperendemic areas in the Carnaubais, Entre Rios, Vale dos Rios Piauí e Itaueiras regions. Conclusion High leprosy detection rates were found, despite the falling trend of indicators, except the proportion of multibacillary cases.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar características epidemiológicas, tendencias temporales, distribución espacial de casos y indicadores de lepra en el estado de Piauí, 2007-2021. Métodos Estudio ecológico de series temporales con datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación que describen la distribución espacial y la tendencia temporal de la lepra mediante la regresión de Prais-Winsten. Resultados Se notificaron 17.075 nuevos casos de lepra. Hubo tendencia decreciente en las tasas de detección general [variación porcentual anual (VPA) = -6,3; IC95% -8,1; -4,5], detección en menores de 15 años (VPA = -8,6; IC95% -12,7; -4,3), y detección de casos con discapacidad física grado 2 (VPA = -4,4; IC95%-7,0; -1,8). Hubo una tendencia creciente en la proporción de casos multibacilares. La distribución espacial de la tasa promedio de detección identificó áreas hiperendémicas en las regiones de Carnaubais, Entre Rios, Vale dos Rios Piauí y Itaueiras. Conclusión Se observaron altas tasas de detección de lepra, a pesar de la tendencia decreciente de los indicadores, excepto la proporción de casos multibacilares

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar características epidemiológicas, tendência temporal, distribuição espacial de casos e indicadores da hanseníase no estado do Piauí, 2007-2021. Métodos Estudo ecológico de séries temporais com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, descrevendo a distribuição espacial e a tendência temporal da hanseníase pela regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultados Foram notificados 17.075 novos casos de hanseníase. A distribuição espacial da taxa média de detecção identificou áreas hiperendêmicas nas regiões Carnaubais, Entre Rios, Vale dos Rios Piauí e Itaueiras. Verificou-se tendência decrescente nas taxas de detecção geral [variação percentual anual (VPA) = -6,3; IC95% -8,1;-4,5], de detecção em menores de 15 anos (VPA = -8,6; IC95%12,7;-4,3) e de detecção de casos com grau 2 de incapacidade física (VPA = -4,4; IC95%-7,0;1,8), e tendência crescente na proporção de casos multibacilares. Conclusão Observaram-se elevadas taxas de detecção de hanseníase, apesar da tendência decrescente dos indicadores, exceto a proporção de casos multibacilares.

Impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 no excesso do risco de morrer ­Brasil, 2020 / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on excess risk of dying ­Brazil, 2020

Objetivo: Analisar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 no excesso do risco de morrer no Brasil em 2020. Métodos: Estudo ecológico do tipo exploratório, com dados de óbitos por todas as causas de morte do Painel de Monitoramento da Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde. Calcularam-se taxas brutas e razões de taxas (RT) de mortalidade por todas as causas segundo os capítulos da causa básica de morte, sexo e faixa etária. Verificou-se associação estatística por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Mantel Haenszel quando p<0,05. Resultados: Houve aumento no risco de morrer de 13% em 2020. As regiões com maior incremento na taxa demortalidade foram Norte (RT=1,24; IC95%: 1,23-1,26), Centro-Oeste (RT=1,17; IC95%: 1,16-1,18) e Nordeste (RT=1,15; IC95%: 1,14-1,15). O excesso no risco de morrer foi maior no sexo masculino, na região Norte, por doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, incluindo a COVID-19 (RT=4,58; IC95%: 4,53-4,62), seguida de causas mal definidas (RT=1,33; IC95%: 1,32-1,34), gravidez, parto e puerpério (RT=1,17; IC95%: 1,10-1,25). Conclusão:O excesso de risco de morrer possibilitou reconhecer a magnitude e o impacto da COVID-19 no país e pode subsidiar as autoridades de saúde na organização de ações voltadas para a diminuição dos efeitos dessa emergência de saúde pública. Descritores: COVID-19; Medição de Risco; Mortalidade; Sistemas de Informação em Saúde

Objective: To analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the excess risk of dying in Brazil in 2020. Methods:An ecological study of the exploratory type conducted with data on deaths due to all causes from the Ministry of Health's Mortality Monitoring Panel. Unadjusted rates and rate ratios (RR) of all-cause mortality were calculated according to underlying cause of death, gender and age group. A statistical association was verified by means of the Mantel Haenszel chi-square test when p<0.05. Results:There was a 13% increase in the risk of dying in 2020. The regions with the highest increase in the mortality rate were North (RR=1.24; 95%CI: 1.23-1.26), Midwest (RR=1.17; 95%CI: 1.16-1.18) and Northeast (RR=1.15; 95%CI: 1.14-1.15). Excess risk of dying was higher in males, in the North region, due to infectious and parasitic diseases, including COVID-19 (RR=4.58; 95%CI: 4.53-4.62), followed by ill-defined causes (RR=1.33; 95%CI: 1.32-1.34) and by pregnancy, delivery and puerperium (RR=1.17; 95%CI: 1.10-1.25). Conclusion: Excess risk of dying allowed recognizing the magnitude and impact of COVID-19 in the country and can support health authorities in organizing actions aimed at reducing the effects of this public health emergency. Descriptors: COVID-19. Mortality. Risk Assessment. Health Information System.